Describe the four processes in the pharmaceutical phase. What factors influence each process? Include first-pass effect, protein binding, and free drug in your answer.

Describe the thermodynamics phase. Include onset, peak, duration, peak and trough levels.
What nursing interventions are necessary when a patient takes a medication that must be monitored by peak & trough levels? Why?
Explain how the nursing process is used to safely give medications to patients.
Please include in text citations and references.